American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -rius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it. That said, if it really was formed on the pattern of the other pig words, I would expect pig as second compound element, not as first. and i dont know of languages that do a salt/freshwater fish distinction. In short, do science. Gldemann, Tom 2011. Kitchen A. Ehret C. Assefa S. Mulligan C.J. Empirically, its really far from correct. Rodger C: The ideal grazing land is about the same as the ideal wheatland, and ND is today one of the worlds great wheatgrowing areas. I suspect fish may be the sort of word that is fairly easily replaced by words originally referring to some particularly culturally important kind of fish (as has presumably happened with Tocharian B laks fish, for example.). Precisely the opposite. I also have great sympathy for those who want to use the spelling auroch, since the singular aurochs still just looks wrong to me. The Kehf el Boroud genomes are actually modeled as 50% Early European Farmer and 50% local ancestry in continuity with Taforalt, per wiki. -er. General language development thus proceeds across different phases, from pregrammatical to structure-dependent to appropriate use. Clothing can be masculine or feminine depending on who is wearing it as I noted, it happens with diminutives here:). Its not going to spread beyond the nearest two hydroelectric dams the two at the Iron Gate are why beluga no longer occur upstream of there. If someone feels that they are very likely and offers a wager of 10 barrels of guinness to 1, it is her guinness. Im also available if you need a coauthor. In fact it strikes me as typologically extremely weird. Which reminds me: why Cono Sur? In order to differentiate the Kiswahili-Bantu language Dagaare is the French of Western Oti-Volta. Why do you suppose that this uniformity necessarily arose in deep antiquity, by the way? https://dialmformara.tumblr.com/post/177703660363/the-swadesh-100-list-as-emoji. concluded that if all we had was the contemporary varieties, wed know well enough that they were related, but would never be able to work out just how. This could leave a relatively random loss-or-retention pattern across daughters, even when there is no major morphology-driven replacement going on. The point is that Newcastle upon Tyne (with no Southern hyphens in it, please) was the center of the coal export industry in Britain when there was any coal to export. Unless the study of North African genetics has missed an incursion, it seems like you have to either believe the Berber group of Afroasiatic developed in situ starting at the last glacial maximum, independently of the other branches of Afroasiatic, which were all also developing for 18,000 years, on the basis of a proto-Afroasiatic which was already present in some or all of these places; or that Berbers origin is in a prestige trade language that spread, then later fissured. (No problem if not, of course: there are all kinds of good reasons I can think of why it might not be.). Thats not the part that astonished me, only the rest if it as far as I know, the common understanding is that Semitic spread into the Levant and Mesopotamia from the South. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language#Phonology, English wow! and Russian oho! both are very labialised (you dont need to change the shape of your lips to articulate --). In standard historical linguistics, all the arguments are laid out and you can argue whether they are valid, based on what is known about language change. Since, however, the languages in question are spoken in a virtually continuous belt from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf, to single out the Red Sea region in this way is a bit too narrowly focussed. Do the verbs have clear cognates outside the family about as much as nouns do? In both cases there are numerous sg/pl affix pairings which can be securely reconstructed to the respecting protolanguages: but the striking thing when you look at them without any preconceptions is that the great majority dont match. Catch of the day or Todays catch on restaurant menus. The paddlefish is a commercial food fish in all 3 areas (American paddlefish were introduced in China), but not an important one. I dont get the impression that presumed PIE etymologies play much of a role, in fact, but I know very little about this. Erich Neu argued in his seminal Das hethitische Mediopassiv und seine indogermanischen Grundlagen, where he analysed how the r-endings spread during the attested history of Hittite texts and how that pathway differed from those in Italic and Celtic. In Swadesh-list vocabulary a possible issue is that there are at least proportionally more verbs in there that are prone to full, partial or near-synonymy pull, push, throw, rub, turn, flow than nouns. I do recognize your point about the isolates being more prevalent as a challenge to my ideas. Stable enough that the living fish swims in water has been claimed to be mutually comprehensible between all Uralic languages. Jfr almnninga-, laxafiskeri. was evidently oversimplifying the matter, but not crudely. Language production typically starts out with utterances, as behavioral elements which provide the initial basis for expressing relations between semantic content and phonetic form. Its titled The Small Bang and it reports on a newly funded project to collect linguistic data on Bangime and other Dogon languages. Someone should package this into a transcendant essay the worlds languages have many wonderful etymologies for hedgehog, but only one for fox. ), Perhaps not even Ehret. I found this paper in the footnotes to a paper by Starostin arguing that Nobiin did not diverge from other Nile-Nubian languages first, but rather, there is a strong substrate influence in Nobiin. Polite register of the Javanese language. Sapirs Language is even olderer, but more fun. The survey paper I was reading in Human Molecular genetics mentioned Natufian affinities for Kelif el Boroud*. Argh. Garca Salinas may be knowledgeable about sharks, but I wouldnt trust him on nomenclature. Darwin says explicitly that his methods are the (up to date, in the news) methods of comparative philology. But its also an interesting paper. (Blench has argued for 1, with Chadic being somehow most closely related to Cushitic, but that makes no sense to me.). I think it would be fair to take the failure of this paper as evidence for the weakness of his overall thesis about comparing sub-subgroups. as if representing an virtual original Indo-Iranian *mad-sya- or the like. That should, strictly speaking, be Afro-Angelic, of course. without morphology a genetic relationship cant be established. MacBains Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (1911 edition) Didnt Arnaud Fournet prove to the satisfaction of all that Indo-European-Hurrian originated in Syria? Sci. The list was published it in a funny place: an article Niger-Congo langauges in the Great Russian Encyclopedia. Oktober 1992 in Zrich., 31524. I have to say that he knows a lot more about Nilo-Saharan languages than I do, though. And I like his idea that mathematical methods might be used to prove that a particular question of language relationship is undecidable. Welsh is quite fond of making singulatives out of plurals, which then oust the original singular form, as with llygoden mouse Sino-Tibetan, or Trans-Himalayan to avoid the implication that Sinitic vs. Tibeto-Burman is the basal split, spans the whole typological range. One classifier (t'u or dtua) is used for larger animals, furniture like tables and chairs, suits of men's clothing so far, things with arms and legs but also germs and fish! @DE, again, the complaint was that many people beleive that grammatical evidence is absolutely necessary. then they explicitly use European Neolithic, contrast it with Natufian, though mentioning some small Natufian affinities, and posit an influx from Iberia. That could be accounted for in various ways, e.g. Li ka nuaa. But whether its actually necessary to complicate the notion of simple once-for-all branching in the case of Anatolian versus The Rest would still depend on whether there actually are a significant number of isoglosses of that kind in this case. But assuming this is the underlying paper: some 20% of the most basic vocabulary of this outlier language, and a bit of the grammar, is AA, https://www.oocities.org/gdvbqz/ling/eafricamap2.gif, Id say contact with AA is rather more plausible than contact with Khoe-San. In fact, contact with AA is an absolute certainty , (though Maarten Mous grammar of Iraqw, to be fair, says that currently, at any rate, there is little contact between these two groups apart from the Iraqw obtaining honey from the Hadza in exchange for tobacco.). Clothing can be masculine or feminine depending on who is wearing it , In Turkana, masculine, feminine and neuter are generally fixed properties of nouns, again with no obvious motivation in the case of sexless referents, but masculine can mean bigger and neuter smaller, while feminine in the case of normally-masculine vegetable referents can mean dead., but feminine can replace masculine for bigger things Aha! It illustrates the family by using the original sentence with living. -, *- , , . Because why not. Lisramic sounds better than Afroasiatic. Sociolinguistics also recognizes shift to prestige dialects (with an assumption that prestige reflects preferences), then there are registers. [piscis-ask-fisk] [ikhths-uvis-jukn] [mtsya] Tocharian laks (cf. Dictionnaire de lAcadmie francaise Meanwhile a scenario This is not a feature of the method, it is incompetence in its execution. <> Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. And yes, on a walk after writing, I considered that religion might be something that could elevate a prestige language among foragers. There is a pleasing consistency in these remarks. (Also, thanks DM for an informative discussion that makes me aware of some gaps in my knowledge of phylogenetics; any good recent introductions youd recommend?). There is abundant evidence for the spread of languages like Mande, Songhay and Hausa over the last couple of millennia (or even later.) Alon: so colloquially, you might hear pescado guppy? Is this different from any other kind of borrowing? (1) an event: people from islands A and C together colonized island B and created mixed population There is an argument that the split between the familiar Afroasiatic sub-branches could have happened in Africa. Yeah, thats wrong. (I dont otherwise participate Heres something from the North Africa article relevant to this discussion: >In addition to these ancient North African Epipaleolithic genomes, five individuals from the Early Neolithic Ifri nAmr or Moussa (IAM) site were analyzed together with four Late Neolithic samples from Kelif el Boroud (KEB) . However, even though the borrowing of SOV basic word order type may count only as a single diffused areal trait, many scholars would still rank it as counting for far more than some other individual traits based on the knowledge of how difficult it is for a language to change so much of its basic word order by diffusion. I dont have a text before my eyes to analyze. As part of this, this redescription may contribute to revealing whether the [] with their derived fossorial adaptations indeed arose from a generalized early amniote ancestor or whether such adaptations are examples of evolutionary convergence between non-amniote and amniote groups. a statement of this will be useful to future studies, Within this [] framework, derivation of the [] condition requires only subtle modifications of the skull to the condition already present in [] (e.g. As far as I can see from the Kitchen et al paper, they have compared their 25 languages as if they were working with a whole lot of contemporary languages. It comes from Spanish and is probably more commonly used in the American West than in the East, but the OED records its use in English (in the original meaning of beach) all the way back to 1600 (although until the nineteenth century it seems to be used primarily in descriptions of beaches in Spanish-speaking areasadding a bit of local linguistic color). If everything has to be checked through the usual lens of the fine grained comparative method, all we have is fancy graphics, not new understanding. Tony Nadens dictionaries imply that fox in Ghanaian English actually means jackal, which would explain a lot: it wasnt that my informant was wrong, but that I misunderstood him. Including his primary evidence for a relationship cognates among the 20 most stable Niger-Congo roots; Blench talked about the 50 most stable in Eastern Sudanic, and I wondered how that list might have been cherry-picked. (This is not quite such a glaring error as the misclassification of Buli/Konni, which frankly shows that the classifier has no actual knowledge at all of either language.). Small lakes have small fish, but the same species in a bigger lake can grow bigger (though there are plenty of small fish in large bodies of water).. @Trond, Y pescada immediately made me think about markets. It eases my conscience a bit about my dabbling with Swadesh lists in Oti-Volta, where Ive seen fit to discard inconvenient outcomes when they seem grossly at variance with better evidence for subgrouping, but snuck in lexicostatistics as a help to estimating the relative length of the various branches (as opposed to defining the branching in the first place.) Or I do not know, maybe to Germanists it looks easier. The -pende of Moor ygempende hedgehog could, in hindsight, actually be a by-form of peemde arrow, though then the plural ygempla must have been remodelled by analogy with belly. *reversible copula. It looks like Cushitic groups have been overrun by/assimilated by Nilotic language speakers from farther north in the not too remote past, too. If there actually were a substantial number of regular lexical correspondences, everyone, no matter how hyper-rigorous, would be happily going along with Blenchs notion that Mande was just a very early branch of the tree. But. (The article itself is behind a paywall.). I tried to look him up from the Norwegian side. If you already knew the tree, you wouldnt need to run the analysis. Theres some circular reasoning in using his cognate table as proof of a relationship between proto-Nubian and Meroitic, since this is his reworked table and the best proof he has for the meanings of the Meroitic words is their correspondence with his sense of proto-Nubian. And you can support my book habit without even spending money on me by following my Amazon links to do your shopping (if, of course, you like shopping on Amazon); As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases (I get a small percentage of every dollar spent while someone is following my referral links), and every month I get a gift certificate that allows me to buy a few books (or, if someone has bought a big-ticket item, even more). Bulgarian Judeo-Spanish Texts in Cyrillic. Swahili Kisu kimoja kilitosha One knife was enough. The Migration Period vandalized Its theory of an independent domestication of cattle doesnt seem to be supported by more recent genetic work, though my comment is based on nothing more than following a few google links. Were deep in the era of phylogenomics, where not necessarily the whole genome (some of the junk is useless at best), but easily hundreds of genes are used, rRNA being just one of them (well, four, IIRC one for each of the two subunits mitochondrial and cytoplasmatic but the classic rRNA trees used just the large cytoplasmatic subunit, I think). The really striking thing about the paper for me was how overwhelmingly Natufian the ancestry of Arabian Arabs is. In Melchert, Western Affinities of Anatolian. auch awwal neferayn baythallu biar bayst in the old days two men would buy [a days] fish for ten baysa; ferner in Bahrayn hl dried fsh (HOL-2), der noch REI 94 hle Suppe = (fish) soup dazu anfhrt. Gldemann is interested in language areas. It seems that instead, something advantaged Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan. 1. This sort of thing is all over the place in Bantu as well. Courtesy Glenn M. Schwartz. . Rilly is absolutely right, of course. The point being that even dense scholarship cannot always unpick borrowing uncontroversially The case with Nilo-Saharan is even more stark. It partly confirms my version: if the word was coined in Russian by a translator under influence of Polish usage, it must be a Kievan translator. Clearly where there are major disagreements between professional linguists the data must be hard to process and most importantly, you must follow the view of an individual They (well, Robin a name the owner of which should be required to provide their pronouns) come up with 17% of their list of 258 etymons. In these cricumstances racking up lists of lookalikes is childs play. You would have thought that it was a hammering wherewith each hair was driven into his head, with the uprising with which he uprose.. However, in a situation where the traits do coincide at a clear boundary, rare though this may be, the definition of a linguistic area to match their boundaries is relatively secure. David Eddyshaw: Okay, if I understand you correctly, to you, Volta-Congo is Niger-Kordofanian MINUS: Dogon, Mande, Kordofanian, and Atlantic, with (some or all of) the various Atlantic languages being POSSIBLY genetically related to Volta-Congo as a whole. Or maybe I thought about Omotic, It would probably give rise to all kind of unfortunate implications, to begin with, In Russian it is everything that fire adds to the air that is not smoke (but possibly including smoke). the migration of the main core of Semites up the Nile River. Wiktionary says bosque is borrowed from Catalan or Occitan bosc, from Late Latin boscus or Vulgar Latin *buscus, from Frankish *busk, from Proto-Germanic *buskaz, cognate with English bush.. We recognize significant centrifugal linguistic forces. When cognacy judgments are disputable, whether you judge two forms to be cognate is in part reflective of your mood, the weather and so on. These classifications relied in part on non-linguistic anthropological and racial arguments. I can get away with inputting alternative words, like ordenador instead of computadora; sadly it hasnt taught me voseo forms so I cant test if they work for either 2nd person. Maybe one tribe would have conquered the Plains and imposed its language, resulting in linguistic uniformity similar to demic diffusion. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The trees are rather trivially repeatable: given the same data, the same method and the same settings (which you really ought to publish), you will get the same trees. : >the chief interest naturally lies in the gutturals. For the sex-trade sense they only give one country and I have not looked for a text to support the entry. I wish Id watched the game, but after suffering through CRO-BRA and ARG-NED yesterday (the latter almost killed me Viva la albiceleste! That is not currently testable, though. Orbis Latinus This situation is not unusual, even among long-established language families: scholars also frequently disagree on the internal classification of the Indo-European languages, for instance. Viva Messi!) Dizy: Il dizionario pratico con curiosit e informazioni utili Vinces assignment from the Lord is to proclaim that the Bisrat (Gospel) of Yeshua is for all nations, tribes and tongues and to do this by teaching on the earliest history of Christianity in Africa and Asia. Quite the opposite. One proposed isogloss uniting Anatolian with Tocharian, Italic and Celtic against Greek, IndoAryan, Balto-Slavic and Germanic is the use of -r in mediopassive endings. But of course even he did not think they corresponded exactly. L1 Windhill Yorkshirese speaker, illiterate bobbin-doffer, taught himself to read in his teens, learnt Standard English and ended up as Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford. n&5/V/UHSNP\.\Xo 1>xv.EIskUoY0H]jDsG*h$ &5[5<8-
The Assyrian practice of resettling conquered peoples elsewhere in their empire had been a big factor in this. urohon; and still so in Karelian) shifted to the more common inflection type -os : -okse-. 33003050 B.C.) 0
The picture in the booklet would do for a jackal (its not exactly photorealistic.) I see (consulting an actual book) that Lionel Bender, no less, played with the idea of Kongo-Saharan. I hope he made a full recovery. Just wondering what contraindications there are. With the inspiration provided by the monoconsonantal Egyptian symbols, these people designed a fully phonetic and greatly simplified writing system which consists entirely of symbols for individual consonants. Wait. As Ive said before, Im always surprised by Gerrit Dimmendaals acceptance of Nilo-Saharan as a genetic unity, when he shows a (very sensible, in my view) caution with other overhasty Greenbergian constructions like Niger-Congo and Khoisan. A flat area of silt or sand, free of vegetation and usually characterized by salt deposits, that lies at the bottom of a desert basin and is dry except after rain. The correspondences are just eyeballing superficial similarities. Maybe if your always starts at a time posterior to securely ocean-worthy boat technology (which, sure, is relatively early in the Mediterranean). But the basic yes/no on adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine is binary and unforgiving. I didnt believe in Nilo-Saharan at that time any more than I do now; the possibility that I was interested in is that maybe Songhay-Saharan was a valid family. There seems to be no doubt at all, nevertheless, that Goemai is Chadic. Im starting to wonder whether its Eastern Sudanic. The associacin de academias de la lengua espaola has a dictionary of americanismos. The phylum has six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic, however the inclusion of Omotic remains controversial, and several linguists see it as an independent language family, which stood in long-term contact with Afroasiatic languages. The cross-linguistically robust finding, reported in Menn and Obler (1990), that morphological substitutions are generally off-target by only one feature further indicates that the systematic selection of -forms is an unlikely procedure since it would wrongly predict that in some instances a very distant form would be selected. Would-be projectors of a Bantu-like system further back have traditionally argued that this is because languages with less exuberant systems have lost classes. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. Looking at the map, I can imagine three scenarios: 1. Full text in HTML is also available. and it doesnt mean people arent aware of what the live animal looks like. But that counts as morphology innit? Above, breeding in fresh water, not on land. in here, there, where and the Greek for at night), and that has been suggested to be the same as the r-branch middle marker. guinea pig (Meerschweinchen) My next idea was professionalization (a source of jargon). (To put it another way: Every simgle affix in Volta-Congo and Mande fails to correspond.). The values assigned to the phonetic characters of this earliest Semitic script characters of pictographic form were determined by the initial consonant of the Semitic word for the symbol depicted, rather than by any phonetic value associated with a corresponding Egyptian symbol. @DE, wait, primitive peoples can use the same word as an adjective, noun and verb and can only express relations between words by (primitively) placing them in different positions in an utterance with respect to each other. etymologiebank.nl (Dutch etymology)
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